The earliest foundations of what would turn into pc science predate the invention of the fashionable digital laptop. Machines for calculating fastened numerical tasks such as the abacus have existed since antiquity, aiding in computations corresponding to multiplication and division. Algorithms for performing computations have existed since antiquity, even earlier than the development of refined computing tools.

Predictions, statements about future occasions, are based mostly on patterns in data and can be made by looking at knowledge visualizations, corresponding to charts and graphs. Select, manage, and interpret large data sets from a number of sources to support a claim. Model phenomena and processes and simulate systems to know and consider potential outcomes. Extract common options from a set of interrelated processes or advanced phenomena.